DON’T MISS

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  • Cringe! Lindsay Lohan air kisses her way down the red carpet in garish plunging peacock frock at London fundraiser You can take the girl out of Hollywood…
  • TAT’s real love Tamara Ecclestone shows off inked ode to husband Jay Rutland on her nape… while flashing her pins in thigh skimming zebra print dress
  • From Pucci to Gucci Rita Ora proves she won’t let anyone down at Gabrielle’s Gala switching from golden gown to leather outfit Showed some cleavage
  • SEBASTIAN SHAKESPEARE Pippa Middleton’s heel hell at Ascot Advises wearing wedges in her latest writing attempt in Vanity Fair
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  • In trouble again Justin Bieber gets a parking ticket outside LA theatre The 20 year old Canadian singer was visiting Ivar theatre
  • Georgia May Jagger opts for effortless elegance in a midnight blue thigh split pencil dress as she attends charity gala Did her bit for cancer
  • The main attraction! One Direction swamped by fans as they take a break from world tour to visit Christ the Redeemer Statue in Brazil
  • SPOILER ALERT 24 things we learned from the season nine premiere of 24, by Jim Shelley Jack is back… and this time, he’s in London
  • Keeping it raunchy! Age defying Kylie Minogue makes debut on The Voice Italy in skin tight PVC skirt and bondage style top Sexy as ever
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  • ‘The best things in life are free’ Alex Reid spends quality time with his daughter Dolly… as he offers support to ex Katie Price Suddenly the family man
  • Back on the block Maria Shriver spends some quality family time with her youngest son Christopher Schwarzenegger Out in Los Angeles
  • She’s got the power! Leona Lewis works black cape with bold pointed shoulders at Be Beautiful Be Yourself Gala Opted for all black
  • Casual chic Kourtney Kardashian pairs cream jacket with T shirt and skinny jeans for taping of reality show in Los Angeles Effortlessly chic
  • Kendall Jenner displays her long legs in leather trousers as she bundles up in multi coloured jacket Teen is still in the Big Apple after Met Gala
  • ‘Racism is still alive’ Kim Kardashian reveals her serious side as she blogs about her fears over raising a mixed race child Nori is eight months old
  • Looking swell! Scarlett Johansson enjoys an ice cream while showing off new haircut in Paris and a hint of a baby bump There’s been much talk since March
  • Jennifer Lopez puts on a long and leggy show in thigh skimming pink dress on set of American Idol The 44 year old looked gorgeous
  • It’s date night take two! Liz Hurley and boyfriend David Yarrow dine in London… in almost identical outfits to the last time they went out on the town
  • Vanessa Hudgens bares her flat tummy as she’s honoured at teen pregnancy prevention event… alongside Teen Mom’s Maci Bookout Pilates have paid off
  • Fashion fail! Toni Collette puts her worst foot forward, ruining her romantic red carpet look of chiffon sleeveless top and leather pleated skirt with bizarre shoe boots
  • All that glitters! Margot Robbie grabs attention in metallic mini skirt and huge embellished necklace at Dior event Making us all green with envy
  • Back to her chic self! Margot Robbie wears low key look showcasing her slim legs the morning after THAT eyebrow raising Met Gala outfit
  • Amber Le Bon works masculine trend in oversized grey blazer while Lilah Parsons sho
    ws off her slim legs in vibrant red dress for Karen Millen dinner
  • Steven Spielberg photobombs Bruce Springsteen and his wife… but The Boss gets him back with a sneak attack of his own Hollywood meets rock
  • One big happy family Rachel Stevens enjoys day out with baby Minnie, daughter Amelie and husband Alex Bourne Perfect 2.4
  • Well she WAS a Victoria’s Secret model! Helena Christensen, 45, takes the plunge in a lacy bra bustier at Dior fashion show Comfortable taking risks
  • Adriana Lima displays her slim pins in skintight leather trousers as she puts on a brave face just five days after marriage split Life must go on
  • Jada Pinkett Smith arrives at LAX in leather trousers following 13 year old daughter Willow’s photo scandal Actress has ‘no issue’ with controversial snap
  • Wait until the baby comes! Expectant father Ashton Kutcher looks a bit weary and in need of a shave as he takes the dogs for a walk Feeling anxious?
  • She’s still got it Goldie Hawn, 68, hits Beverly Hills in a workout ready outfit Can still lay claim to being one of Hollywood’s true beauties
  • Under the sea! Anna Sophia Robb and Evan Peters star in hilarious spoof of The Little Mermaid inspired by director Sofia Coppola Carrie Diaries star
  • Gisele Bundchen kicks up her heels and fans out her Prophetik hemp gown at Rainforest Alliance Gala in NYC In grey eco conscious creation
  • Mariah Carey puts on eye popping display in low cut, figure hugging frock as she arrives at David Letterman to promote new album On 14th studio album
  • Nikki Reed can’t wipe the smile from her face as she enjoys outing with her mom amid rumours she’s moving on from marriage split with hunky Derek Hough
  • Avengers Assemble! Co stars Robert Downey Jr and Jeremy Renner enjoy joint family vacation in Nashville Spotted at musical festival and the zoo
  • She’s one literary lady Geri Halliwell wears grey trouser suit to visit a book store in North London Not just a product of popular culture…
  • Nightmare on Ramsay Street Neighbours crew to walk off set in battle for improved working conditions It’s all kicking off Down Under
  • Claire’s day off? Hannibal star Hugh Dancy pushes young son Cyrus in a stroller and walks family dog in New York City On daddy duty
  • Dean McDermott picks up anniversary gifts from Victoria’s Secret for wife Tori Spelling amid reports he ‘hit on yummy mommy’ at son’s school last year
  • Wilde about motherhood! Olivia discusses being a new mom at global conference event… less than three weeks after giving birth
  • Sandra Bullock, 49, shows off her enviably slim figure in black skinny jeans as she runs errands in L.A. Simple but sexy look
  • Not so boho now! Daphne Guinness, 46, ditches her theatrical garb for HOT PANTS in a less than fabulous look in New York Never one to blend in
  • So that’s how she keeps her supermodel figure! Alessandra Ambrosio flashes toned tummy as she shops for healthy groceries at Whole Foods
  • Don’t know how she does it! Doting mother Sarah Jessica Parker does school run with her children before getting glammed up in two different outfits
  • Daddy’s little girl! Keith Urban’s youngest daughter surprises the country singer with a cuddle backstage at American Idol Faith is image of mum
  • The odd couple! Ellen Page steps out with bearded friend as she opens up about two ex girlfriends and her hunt for Ms. Right New candid interview
  • ‘Uncalled for!’ The Voice Australia causes a social media storm after contestant’s partner breastfeeds during live audition Stunned some viewers
  • The Hills star Audrina Patridge thrills in mismatched bikini as she frolics in sea with boyfriend in Mexico With long term love Corey Bohan
  • The Fault In Our Stars’ Shailene Woodley is dapper in navy blue ensemble and white loafers as cast reunite Appeared on the set of Despierta America
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  • Farewell to a Little Rascal Jackie Lynn Taylor who starred in the Our Gang comedy shorts in the 1930s dies aged 88 End of an era
  • Quick change! Miranda Kerr swaps maxi dress for tight jeans and sneakers after checking in at Sydney International Airport Long haul comfort is key
  • Jake Gyllenhaal can’t keep smile off his face as he and Alyssa Miller are spotted together for first time since reconciliation in February
  • Attack of the hipster Hayden Christensen steps out in trendy cardigan and stovepipe jeans as he grabs lunch with a friend In Los Angeles
  • Mommy’s little helpers Denise Richards’ daughters Sam and Lola lend a hand during mundane grocery shopping run Quite a handful
  • Embracing her dark side! Kendall Jenner takes on the night in an all black ensemble after she gets ‘friendly’ with Selena Gomez again East Coast uniform
  • Now THAT’S called maternity chic! Doutzen Kroes cradles her pregnant belly in elegant floor length gown at charity event
  • Curly girls of the world unite lets end the tyranny of straighteners! says JILL FOSTER Her hair has more twists and turns than an Underground map
  • The lady was a vamp! Now demure Angelina Jolie is quite the vixen in long lost photoshoot taken when she was a budding 20 year old actress
  • Back to her stylish best Zoe Saldana is minimalist chic in fitted sweater dress after fashion fail at the Met Gala Kept it simple
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  • Keeping fit has never looked so good! Naomi Watts works up a sweat at the gym and stays looking cool in cats eye sunnies Working hard on figure
  • Hey Heidi! Myleene Klass styles her hair into a braided updo as she leaves the ITV studios in a floral dress Known for her usually flowing brunette hair
  • So the risk DIDN’T pay off? Kim Kardashian and Kanye West’s controversial Vogue issue ‘sells 250,000 copies LESS than expected’
  • ‘I went through a tremendous low’ Jennifer Lopez on divorce, new love and how her twins helped her ‘grow as a human being’
  • No Fifty Shades Of Grey here! Dakota Johnson bares her pale legs in a black and navy blue ensemble stepping out in NYC 50 Shades of Pale…
  • Nothing fast or furious going on here! Jordana Brewster enjoys leisurely shopping trip with baby Julian and a pregnant pal Doted on her son
  • Mary Kate Olsen wraps up in elaborate printed coat while twin sister Ashley opts for minimalist chic in skinny jeans and grey cardigan at LAX
  • Any day now! Heavily pregnant Kendra Wilkinson beams at dressed down lunch with husband Hank Baskett Due mid May
  • The hills are alive with the Sound Of Music! Kylie Minogue joins singing nun for a Sister Act on stage for The Voice Italy Quite the duet!
  • It’s not just the sleaze I abhor it’s the naked cynicism ANNABEL COLE took her 15 year old girl to see Miley C
    yrus’s British show. Here’s her verdict
  • Kim confirms wedding will NOT be televised… saying (ahem) ‘privacy is our main priority’ She said ‘You will see everything leading up til and after! (sic)
  • Good Lorde, that’s a familiar look! Game Of Thrones star Maisie Williams mimics the make up style of New Zealand songstress
  • He’s arrived! Kristin Cavallari welcomes second son… 21 months after becoming first time mother Ex Hills star gave birth Jaxon Wyatt on Weds
  • Christine Beastly! Ms Bleakley shows off her muscular arms in a sleeveless peach blouse at the ITV studios 4 years ago said I don’t want ‘Madonna arms
  • Stacy Keibler ‘wishes nothing but happiness’ for ex George Clooney and his fiancee… as it’s revealed $2M will be spent on lavish wedding Both have moved on

“i always thought they were all pure tobacco”: american smokers’ perceptions of “natural” cigarettes and tobacco industry advertising strategies

Davidoff gold super slims cigarettes at discount cigarettes mall.

For nearly 100&#x02005 years, American cigarette companies have used the terms &#x0201c natural&#x0201d or &#x0201c nature&#x0201d to communicate various, mostly positive messages about cigarettes and smoking. Before the 1950s, these messages included normalising smoking or brand choice and describing the physiological effects of particular cigarettes. In the 1950s, use of the word natural by tobacco companies in print advertising began to shift focus, perhaps in reaction to questions about cigarette safety being raised by the media for the first time. Increasingly, advertisements using the term &#x0201c natural&#x0201d used it to emphasise aspects of product quality, such as &#x0201c natural&#x0201d taste or &#x0201c natural&#x0201d mildness, which could have reassured worried smokers. In much the same way that the mild taste of &#x0201c light&#x0201d cigarettes convinces some smokers that they are safer than regular cigarettes,121 a cigarette advertised as tasting both &#x0201c natural&#x0201d and &#x0201c mild&#x0201d could have been interpreted by smokers as less risky.

Given that alarms continued to sound about cigarettes’ health risks, it is perhaps unsurprising that cigarette advertisements continued to use &#x0201c natural&#x0201d primarily to describe aspects of taste and mildness in the 1960s. With the rise of consumer interest in natural foods in the 1970s, the use of &#x0201c natural&#x0201d in cigarette advertisements took on a narrower, ingredient&#x02010 specific meaning. The term &#x0201c natural&#x0201d in relation to cigarettes is now largely indicative of an absence of particular ingredients, or the presence of natural flavourings. But, for many smokers, this manner of using the term &#x0201c natural&#x0201d to describe cigarettes is not particularly meaningful. The tobacco industry&#x02010 sponsored market research that we reviewed indicates that American smokers place cigarettes in one of two categories inherently natural or inherently unnatural. Despite the fact that these categories are mutually exclusive, they each lead smokers to the conclusion that explicitly labelling cigarettes as &#x0201c natural&#x0201d is somewhat unnatural, being either superfluous or inaccurate. Given the limitations of the documents we reviewed, we do not know whether particular characteristics (ie, education, gender) lead smokers to choose one category over another. One might speculate that smokers who are most health concerned would be more likely to regard cigarettes as inherently unnatural, but this potential relationship was not explored by tobacco companies.

Despite this initial reaction, however, when smokers were informed of tobacco companies’ definition of &#x0201c natural&#x0201d cigarettes, they frequently concluded that &#x0201c natural&#x0201d cigarettes must be healthier or safer than cigarettes containing chemicals, regardless of how they initially categorised cigarettes. This conclusion runs counter to research demonstrating that additive&#x02010 free cigarettes are no less toxic than conventional cigarettes.122,123,124,125 This &#x0201c naturalness bias&#x0201d has been noted in relation to food, with Western consumers regarding natural foods (ie, those unaltered by added chemicals or genetic modification) as healthier.126,127,128,129 But, due to smokers’ lack of knowledge about cigarette ingredients, their naturalness bias did not arise spontaneously, as it typically does in relation to food.

The failure of &#x0201c natural&#x0201d to elicit an immediate positive reaction from smokers posed a problem for tobacco companies. It suggested that successfully marketing a natural cigarette depended upon educating smokers about cigarette ingredients, a step the tobacco industry had traditionally avoided. Any education process might ultimately backfire, by creating doubt about the act of smoking itself and undermining the implicit message of all cigarette advertising, that cigarettes and smoking are a normal, natural part of life. It might also generate ill will towards the tobacco industry for failing to educate earlier generations of smokers.

This background threat may help to explain why major American tobacco manufacturers have not embraced the marketing recommendation offered by smokers in focus groups using the &#x0201c scare tactic&#x0201d of highlighting the chemicals added to most cigarettes. RJR was the only major tobacco company to venture into this territory with one Winston advertisement. However, most of the chemicals named in the advertisement sounded like familiar foods, rather than the unfamiliar chemicals that are more likely to inspire concern and possibly lead smokers to question whether it was still worth it to smoke. The Winston advertisement aimed to create a manageable problem (cigarettes containing a few, mostly familiar additives), one that the reformulated Winston could easily solve, restoring &#x0201c faith and confidence in the smoking habit&#x0201d .130 RJR also hedged its bets through a series of advertisements in which &#x0201c the problem&#x0201d Winston solved had nothing to do with ingredients and everything to do with finding a cigarette to match one’s no&#x02010 nonsense personality in these advertisements, viewers might miss the &#x0201c no additives&#x0201d message entirely.

Tobacco control advocates could take the step that tobacco companies are unwilling to take, and, in an attempt to inspire quitting or deter initiation, educate smokers about the chemicals routinely added to or contained in cigarettes.9 Indeed, a recent Legacy truth advertisement ( ) takes precisely this approach. It uses a group of shirtless men to demonstrate visually the ease and speed with which a caustic chemical added to cigarettes, sodium hydroxide, removes the hair on their backs, and concludes by noting &#x0201c That can’t be good for you&#x0201d .

Although the market research we reviewed lends ample support to the idea that informing smokers of the chemical contents of most cigarettes results in shock and alarm, it also suggests that, for many smokers, this alarm can be allayed by a &#x0201c natural&#x0201d cigarette. Given that PM and RJR tied their introduction of additive&#x02010 free brands in the 1980s to an additives controversy generated by a third party, it is probable that successfully raising smokers’ awareness of chemicals in cigarettes will lead tobacco companies to introduce numerous additive&#x02010 free alternatives. Even if the major US tobacco companies are ultimately barred from describing these cigarettes as &#x0201c natural&#x0201d , the recent court ruling does not explicitly address the term &#x0201c additive&#x02010 free&#x0201d . &#x0201c Denaturalising&#x0201d cigarettes may, then, be of limited value as a cessation tool unless it is combined with a broader focus on denaturalising smoking.

Even without an additives controversy, as &#x0201c natural&#x0201d cigarettes are associated in some smokers’ minds with responsible corporate behaviour, tobacco companies may be inclined to introduce natural brands as part of their burgeoning corporate social responsibility efforts.131 Such efforts may involve expanding the current concept of natural cigarettes, with their emphasis on no additives, into &#x0201c green&#x0201d cigarettes&#x02014 organic (pesticide&#x02010 free), completely biodegradable, or manufactured using renewable energy. Indeed, SFNTC is already heading in this direction several years ago, it introduced organic versions of its Natural American Spirit cigarettes, and a recent advertisement refers to the company’s earth friendly growing practices and commitment to wind power and reforestation.132 As a corporate social responsibility project, a natural or green cigarette would not necessarily have to be popular among smokers to benefit its manufacturer it could simply provide tangible evidence of &#x0201c reasonableness&#x0201d and &#x0201c responsibility&#x0201d that would allow the company to resist regulation or establish good will with
lawmakers and the public.133